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| A form of government in which sovereignty resides in the people who elect agents to represent them in political decision making. |
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| A group of independent states that delegate powers on selected issues to a central government; which is inherently weak, deliberately limited, and have few independent powers. |
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| Metaphor attributed to Morton Grodzins which states that the cooperative relations among the varying levels of government result in an intermingling of activities. |
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| The financial relations between and among units of government in a federal system. The theory of fiscal federalism, or multi-unit government finance, is on part of the branch of applied economics known as public finance. |
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| A set of propositions that seeks to explain or predict how groups and individuals behave in differing organizational arrangements. |
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| Scottish economist who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and provided the intellectual foundation of laissez-faire capitalism and the division and specialization of labor. |
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| the father of the scientific management movement and developed time-and-motion studies to increase efficiency and speed of machine shop production. |
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| Perhaps the most highly honored reformer, researcher, and practitioner of public administration in the US. Often called the dean of American public admin, he was involved with the pioneering new budget, personnel, and management systems at all levels of government. He also coined the PODSCORB which described the 7 major functions of management. |
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| German sociologist who produced an analysis of an ideal type bureaucracy that is still the most influential statement—the point of departure for all further analysis—on the subject. Weber also pioneered the concepts of the Protestant ethic, charismatic authority, and a value-free approach to social research. |
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| University of Chicago professor who wrote the first public administration text in 1926. He is the author of the standard administrative histories of the US government in the nineteenth century. |
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| The criteria developed by state courts to determine the nature and extent of powers granted to local governments. |
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| late 1920’s and early 30’s management studies undertaken at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company near Chicago. Conducted by Elton Mayo and his associates from the Harvard Business School, the studies became the most famous management experiments ever recorded. |
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| The decision to implement or reject particular laws, programs, or ideas. The public policy can never be divorced from public administration as they are two sides of the same coin; public policy is what public administration does. |
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| President of the US and professor who called for a “science of administration. Introduced the politics-administration dichotomy which states the two are independent endeavors and not necessarily intertwined. |
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| In the implementation stage of public policy, changes are made in small incremental compromises between competing parties. Is slower but is favored by democracy as it must take into consideration different people’s views on a policy. |
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| Coined the term “satisfice”, a blend of satisfy and suffice. In public policy decision making, bounded rationality is the idea that there is too great an amount of literature on a subject and instead of taking into consideration all material, to create relevant boundaries. |
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| This method of decision making tries to be objective and purely rational instead of political. It takes into account gathering information on a public policy, then recommending a particular policy. From there, there is an articulation of norms and then is applied by the executive branch of the organization/government |
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| Coined by Herbert Simon, it is the idea that human intellectual capacity is limited and cannot know everything there is to know on a particular subject. Therefore, one must create boundaries within the research that are satisficed, a satisfactory and sufficient amount of information to solve a problem. |
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| The restructuring or reorganizing of the machinery of government. Because of the inflation of government during the New Deal period, it is believed by some that there exist inefficient/ineffective policies or programs that need to be reinvented to make better or taken apart. |
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| It can mean different things in different contexts, including; the totality of government offices or “bureaus”, public officials, or as a derogatory term towards governmental agencies. Max Weber used it to describe a specific set of structural arrangements, specifically, a hierarchy of people, each in charge of a separate department, a merit system, and the office, not the person, holds power. |
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| The use of scientific principles to dispel commonly held, but incorrect, beliefs about the best way to do a particular task. Frederick Taylor proposed that there was one best way to do a task, and to find it, must be found using empirical principles and empirical testing. |
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| The redirecting of power from the national government to the state and local governments. Often held by Republican politicians, is deemed hypocritical because they want the federal government’s money, but do not want the governmental strings that are attached. |
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| There is a national government and state governments and the power is shared between the two. |
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| The outsourcing to private companies to perform certain public works and services such as public waste management. Also includes the selling of government assets such as roads and buildings. |
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