Term
What are the 4 muscle properties? |
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Definition
1) Extensibility 2) Elasticity 3) Excitability/Irritability - respond to stimuli 4) Ability to develop tensile force |
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Term
What are the three mysiums? Explain each. |
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Definition
Endomysium - surrounds muscle fiber Epimysium - bound by layer of connective tissue and surrounds entire muscle Perimysium - surrounds fasiculi |
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Term
What are the bundles that epimysium consists of? |
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Definition
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Term
What do the fasisculi consist of? |
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Definition
They consist of invidual muscle fibers |
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Term
What do the muscle fibers consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the 3 functions of the plasmalemma(sarcolemma)? |
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Definition
1) Maintains PH , transports nutrients 2) conducts action potentials 3) fuses with tendon |
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Term
What are the functions of satellite cells? |
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Definition
They help to repair muscles and also they respond to injury, immobilization and training |
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Term
What is function of the sarcoplasm? |
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Definition
1) It is the cytoplasm of the muscle 2) unique because it stores glycogen and myoglobin(transports oxygen within muscles in the mitochondria) |
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Term
What muscle cell stores glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the functions of the t tubules? |
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Definition
Extensions of plasmaella down into muscle fibers and carry action potentials deep in fiber. |
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Term
What is the function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? |
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Definition
The storage house for calcium |
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Term
Which muscle cell is responsible for aerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the job of the nucleus? |
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Definition
protein Translation and Transcription |
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Term
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds a single muscle fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of the transverse tubules? |
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Definition
Deliver action potentials to myofibrils |
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Term
What is the function of the sarcoplasm? |
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Definition
Glycogen and myogobin storage |
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Term
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
Calcium delivery and storage |
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Term
Which event immediately precedes/triggers the power stroke? |
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Definition
Release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from myosin |
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Term
Which event immediately precedes/triggers the binding of the myosin head with actin? |
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Definition
Tropomyosin lifting off of actin |
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Term
Which event immediately precedes/triggers the removal of the myosin head from actin? |
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Definition
ATP binding to myosin head |
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Term
Which event immediately precedes/triggers the re-cocking of the myosin head so that it can bind to actin? |
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Definition
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Term
What determines the order in which motor units are recruited? |
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Definition
The size of the motor neuron |
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Term
What primarily explains the differences in contraction velocity between a Type I and Type II muscle fiber? |
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Definition
The type of myosin ATPase |
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Term
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Definition
Bone Endomysium Epimysium Fascicle Muscle Muscle fiber Myofibril Nuclei Perimysium Tendon
Endomysium Blood vessel Muscle fiber Epimysium Perimysium |
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Term
what is the order of muscle? |
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Definition
Muscle fasciculi muscle fiber myofibril |
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Term
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Definition
the basic contractile element of a muscle - end to end for myofibril length |
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Term
What is myosin and its function? What is s2? |
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Definition
It is the thick filament that binds to actin. s2 is a sub unit and it is extensible and elastic |
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Term
S2 of the myosin is a) elastic b) dense and hard |
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Definition
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Term
what is the function of actin, troponin and tropomyosin |
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Definition
actin is the thin filament that acts as the myosin binding site. troponin is anchored to actin and moves tropomyosin. tropomyosin |
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Term
what do we call non contractile proteins but they connect things togheter? |
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Definition
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Term
List the steps of the excitation - contraction coupling. |
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Definition
1)Action potential (AP) starts in brain 2) AP arrives at axon terminal, releases (ACh)
3) ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma
4) AP travels down plasmalemma via T-tubules
5) Triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
6) Ca2 + enables actin-myosin contraction |
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Term
How does action potential get to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum, via? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the release of Calcium from? |
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Definition
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Term
Calcium binds to ______ on the thin filament |
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Definition
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Term
At rest, what covers the myosin actin binding site? |
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Definition
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Term
What moves tropomyosin from the binding site? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the chemo-mechanical coupling steps |
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Definition
1) myosin head is bound to actin 2) release of phosphate gives the power stroke 3) ADP is then released at terminal rotation 4) new atp binds to head of myosin 5) this takes off head from actin 6) atp is broken through hydrolosis which then energized myosin to bind to actin again |
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Term
What are the hydrolosis by products from the chemo mechanical steps |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three seperate and distinct components of muscle tension? |
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Definition
1) contractile process - activation of actomyosin power stroke 2) parallel elastic - refers to connectins *titin, dystrophin, laminin) and mysiums 3) series elastic - tendon |
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Term
Does the elastic process of muscle tension need ATP? |
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Definition
No, it has a recoil effect |
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Term
What is an alpha motor neuron? |
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Definition
It is a neuron that innervates muscle fiber |
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Term
What is a motor unit? Does more motor units equal to more contractile forces? |
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Definition
It is the single motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates. Yes more motor units does equal to more contractile forces |
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Term
Explain the hennemans size of orderly recruitment? |
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Definition
Muscle fibers recruit depending on the type of exercise/force. It is additive and not sequential which means they add as force got higher. |
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Term
The order of muscle recruitment depends on motor neuron _____? 1) shape 2) size 3) color |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
size principle means the size or motor neurons innervating the particular fibers |
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Term
What does asynchronous mean in terms of motor unit firing? |
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Definition
In the muscle(unlike the heart), motor unit firing does not happen simultanousely with action potentials |
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Term
In the recruitment of muscle fibers, do they recruit in the same order each time? |
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Definition
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Term
If threshold is exceeded, it will develop 1) Maximal Tension 2) Submaximal tension 3) Little tension |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
It is altering the frequency of a stimulus. For example, a single action potentional can make a muscle contract called a twitch or a few with relaxation called unfused tetanus and finally peak tension called fused tetanus |
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Term
Single motor unit contains homogenous mix and whole muscle conains hetergenous mix. Explain this. |
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Definition
The single motor unit being homogenous has ONLY that one type of fiber whereas a WHOLE MUSCLE has a mix of fibers. |
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Term
Between Type 1, Type 2 a and Type 2x, What is there 1) myoglobin density 2) color 3) capillary density 4) mithochondrial density 5) fatigue resistant 6) sarcoplasmic density 7) contraction speed |
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Definition
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Term
Is it true that slow twitch fibers are at zero when fast twitch fibers reach peak force? |
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Definition
No, slow twitch fibers also reach peak force but it only takes longer. |
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Term
Tell me the types of fibers including slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycotic and fast glycotic |
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Definition
Slow oxidative is type 1, fast oxidative glycotic is type 2a and fast glycotic is type 2x |
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Term
In terms of motor neuron size, which one is small, large and larger from 1) Type 1 (slow oxidative) 2) Type 2a (fast oxidative glycotic) 3) Type 2x (fast glycotic) |
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Definition
type 1 is small type 2a is large type 2x is largest |
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Term
how many fibers per neuron does type 1, type 2a and type 2x produce? |
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Definition
type 1 - 10-180 both type2a and type 2x produce 300-800 |
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Term
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Definition
Steps get larger because there are more fibers per neuron being activated. |
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Term
Whats the difference between fast ATPase and slow ATPase? |
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Definition
The difference is that fast ATPase results in faster cross bridge cycling and slow ATPase results is slower cross bridge cycling |
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Term
Between Type 1 and Type 2 motor units, which has more faster and slower ATP ase? |
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Definition
Type 1 has slower ATPase and Type 2 has faster ATPase |
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Term
Which has more myosin, Type 1 or Type 2? |
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Definition
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Term
Although training can account for 10% change of muscle fiber types but what is muscle fiber type really due to? |
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Definition
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Term
As we age, we lose more Type 1 or Type 2 motor units? |
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Definition
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Term
Does Isometric contractions change length? change joint angles? myosin actin cross bridge cycle slide? |
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Definition
No change in length, no change in joint angle and no sliding in the cross bridge |
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Term
Between Concentric and Eccentric type of contractions, which one shortens and which one lengthens? |
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Definition
Concentric shortens and sarcomeres come toward center whereas eccentric lengthens but still produces force. |
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Term
Which creates more force, Type 1 or type 2 motor units? |
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Definition
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Term
Why do we say there is an optimal length for Actin and Myosin to produce Active force? |
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Definition
too much or too little overlap doesn't give myosin heads a chance to bind with actin and produce active force |
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Term
passive force contributes to tension but only past passive resting length, what does it mean. |
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Definition
the more it goes past passive resting length, the more it will recoil |
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Term
In the force velocity relationship graph, which type of contraction produces most force in order? |
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Definition
1) Eccentric produces the most force, 2) Isometric and 3) Concentric |
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Term
As the speed/velocity of a muscle contraction increases, does this decrease force? |
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Definition
Yes more force equals less velocity and more velocity equals less force |
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Term
When we do a MAX 1 RM test, is it based on concentric, eccentric or isometric? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the rate-limiting step for Chemo-Mechanical Coupling? |
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Definition
Hydrolosis of ATP is the rate limiting step. It depends how much it breaks down |
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