Term
An example of a muscle which is named for its shape is |
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Definition
a. pectoralis major b. adductor longus c. trapezius d. vastus lateralis |
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Term
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
•Mostly cells packed closely together
•Covers body surfaces inside and out and forms glands
•Has free and basal surface
•Specialized cell contacts
•Avascular
•Many cells are rapidly worn away |
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Term
Characterisitcs of Epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
Functions of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
•Protection
•Permitting or preventing passage of substances
•Secretion
•Absorption |
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Term
Simple Squameous Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
Structure: single layer of cells with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface. Nuclei look like little bumps because the cells are so flat
Function: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion and some protection against friction
Location: lining of blood vessels and heart, lymphatic vessels and ducts, aveoli of lungs, kidney tubules, lining of body cavities, and inner surface of eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
Simple (single layer of cells)- shape can be squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
Stratified (more than 1 layer of cells)- shape can be squamous (nonkeratinized (moist) and Keratinized), cuboidal (rare), and columnar (rare)
Pseudostratified- single layer of cells that all attach to basement membrane but not all reach free surface. shape is columnar.
Transitional- roughly cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamouslike when streached |
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Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
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Definition
Structure: Single layer, Cube shaped cells,Some have microvilli or cilia
Functions: Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; Secrtion by gland cells, Movement of particles embedded in mucus of ot bronchioles.
Examples: Kidney Tubules, Glands and their ducts, Brochioles of lungs, surface of ovaries, choroid plexuses of the brain |
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Term
Muscles on the medial surface of the thigh are attached to the hip bone and the thigh bone. Contraction of these muscles would |
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Definition
a. move the thigh laterally b. move the thigh medially c. move the thigh anteriorally d. move the thigh posteriorly |
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Term
The muscles of the anterior forearm are primarily |
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Definition
a. flexors b. extensors c. abductors d. adductors |
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Term
A muscle which is attached to the posterior aspect of the femur and the posterior aspect of the tibia could produce what movement |
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Definition
a. bending of the hip b. bending of the knee c. curling of the toes d. bending of the ankle |
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Term
One muscle which is used to pucker the lips is the |
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Definition
a. risorius b. orbicularis oris c. masseter d. temoralis |
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Term
Important functions of the skeletal system include |
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Definition
a. production of vitamin D b. storage of calcium c. secretion of parathyroid hormone d. all of the above |
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Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
Structure: Single layer of tall narrow cells; some have cilia or microvilli
Function: movement of particles out of bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; secretion of cells of the glands, stomach, and intestines; absorption by cells of intestines
Location: Glands of some ducts, bronchioles, auditory tubes, uterus, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of brain |
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Term
Endochondral ossification is characterized by all the following except |
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Definition
a. bone is laid down on a cartilage model b. bone formation ceases at approximately 2 years of age c. woven bone is remodeled to produce mature bone d. endochondral bone is derived form mesenchyme |
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Term
The flat bones of the skull develop from |
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Definition
a. hyaline cartilage b. areolar tissue c. compact bone d. connective tissue membranes |
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Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
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Definition
Structure: Multiple layers of vells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface' can be non keratinized (moist) or keratinized; in non keratinzed the surface cells retain a nucleus oand cytoplasm, in keratinized the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin. All cells are dead.
Function: protection against abrasion, barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body
Location: Keratinized- skin; Non (moist)- mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, urethra, cornea |
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Term
An x-ray reveals the presence of an epiphyseal line on a long bone. You could conclude that this patient |
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Definition
a. has a severe fracture of the long bone b. has chondrocytes in the long bone are actively dividing c. has probably stopped growing (in height) d. probably has a diet deficient in calcium |
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Term
The central canal of the Haversian system contains |
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Definition
a. primarily hydroxyapatite b. lamellae c. canaliculi d. blood vessels |
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Term
Cancellous bone differs from compact bone in that |
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Definition
a. blood vessels invade in interior of cancellous bone only b. cancellous bone is found only in long bones c. only cancellous bone contains lamellae d. a and b |
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Term
The axial skeleton includes all the following bones except |
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Definition
a. ribs b. clavicle c. sphenoid d. sternum |
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Term
2. A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones |
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Definition
a. temporal b. ethmoid c. zygomatic d. occipital |
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Term
The lambdoidal suture is located between the |
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Definition
a. frontal and parietal bones b. two parietal bones c. temporal and occipital bones d. parietal and occipital bones |
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Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
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Definition
Structure: multiple layers of cubeshaped cells
Function: secretion, absorption, protection against infection
Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts |
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Term
A person who has cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain) draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the |
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Definition
a. temporal bone b. frontal bone c. parietal bone d. occipital bone |
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Term
Which of the following bony features is not associated with the skull |
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Definition
a. foramen magnum b. stylomastoid foramen c. obturator foramen d. cribriform plate |
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Term
A vertebrae which contains a bifid spinous process and transverse foramen most likely is located in which area of the vetebral column |
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Definition
a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacral |
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Term
The upper limb is attached to the axial skeleton by |
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Definition
a. the humerus b. the scapula c. the clavicle d. the ulna |
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Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
Structure: multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cuboidal cells.
Function: Protection and secretion
Location: mammary gland ducts, layrnx (ciliated), male urethra
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Term
When comparing the female pelvis to the male pelvis, which of the following statements is false |
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Definition
a. the female pelvis is heavier b. the ilium is more flared in the female pelvis c. the pelvic inlet in the male in heart shaped d. the subpubic angle is 90 degrees or greater in the female e. the ischial spines are further apart in the female pelvis
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Term
A person in a skiing accident has crushed the lateral side of the ankle. The bone which has been injured is the |
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Definition
a. calcaneus b. tibia c. fibula d. femur |
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Term
In anatomical position the _______ is lateral to the __________ |
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Definition
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Term
The epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is a joint called a |
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Definition
a. synchondrosis b. syntosis c. symphysis d. syndesmosis |
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Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
Structure: single layer of cells; some are tall and thin and reach the free surface and others dont; nuclei are at different levels and appear stratified; almost always ciliated and associated with goblet cells that secret mucus onto the free surface
Function: Synthesize and secret mucus onto the free surface and ove mucus that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages
Location: lining of nasal cavity and sinuses, auditory tubes, harynx, trachea, bronchi |
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Term
The inability to produce the fluid that keeps most joints moist indicates a disorder of the |
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Definition
a. cruciate ligament b. synovial membrane c. articular cartilage d. bursa |
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Term
The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a ______ joint |
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Definition
a. saddle b. hinge c. pivot d. ball and socket |
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Term
Standing on one's toes is an example of a movement called |
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Definition
a. dorsiflexion b. plantar flexion c. extension d. eversion |
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Term
A biaxial joint has movement |
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Definition
a. in two directions or planes b. in one direction only c. in many directions or planes d. as long as there is articular cartilage present |
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Term
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Definition
a. are found in the sarcolemma b. extend from the sarcolemma to the t-tubule c. contain myosin and actin myofilaments d. hold muscle cells together |
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Term
The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the |
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Definition
a. A band b. I band c. Z disk d. H zone |
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Term
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Definition
a. has two subunits b. is part of the myosin myofilament c. is a long flexible protein d. has a calcium binding site |
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Term
Based on the sliding theory of contraction we can state that |
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Definition
a. myosin myofilaments slide past actin myofilaments b. both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten in order to slide past one another c. the sarcomere is shortened when filaments slide d. the I band remains the same length |
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Term
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Definition
Structure: appear cuboidal when organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when it is streched by fluid
Function: Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protects against the caustic effects of urine
Location: lining of bladder, ureters, uretha |
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Term
Synaptic vesicles of motor neurons contain |
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Definition
a. calcium b. ATP c. acetylcholine d. acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. This would result in |
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Definition
a. increased stimulation of the muscle b. more acetylcholinesterase production c. lack of calcium uptake by the muscle fiber d. inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nerve stimulation |
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Term
Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of muscle contraction |
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Definition
a. muscle fiber shortens b. cross bridges form, move, and reform repeatedly c. the action potential is propagated from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic membrane d. all of the above |
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Term
Concerning fast-twitch fibers behavior we can affirm that |
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Definition
a. they contain myosin molecules that break down ATP more rapidly b. they have large deposits of myoglobin c. they are not well adapted to anaerobic metabolism d. they have a well developed blood supply |
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Term
In smooth muscle, most of the calcium needed for contraction |
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Definition
a. is in the dense bodies b. diffuses into the cell from the extracellular space c. is attached to the intermediate filaments d. may be activated by a protein kinase |
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Term
A type of muscle that extends a joint |
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Definition
a. is in the dense bodies b. diffuses into the cell from the extracellular space c. is attached to the intermediate filaments d. may be activated by a protein kinase |
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Term
Functions and Types of Cell Connectors |
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Definition
•Function: Bind cells together, Form permeability layer, Intercellular communication
•Types:Desmosomes, Tight, Gap |
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Term
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Definition
Glands are Epithelial Tissue
Exocrine- glands with ducts. Secrete chemicals such as digestive enzymes into ducts
Endocrine- no ducts. Secrete chemicals such as hormones into blood. |
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Term
what cell organelle would be the most important in secretory epithelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
Connective Tissue Functions |
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Definition
•Enclose and separate organs
•Connect tissues to one another as tendons and ligaments
•Support and move as bones
•Storage as fat
•Cushion and insulate as fat
•Transport as blood
•Protect as cells of the immune system |
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Term
Specailized Cells of Connective Tissues
(suffixes) |
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Definition
•Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix
Suffixes
•-blasts: create the matrix- osteoblasts create bone
•-cytes: maintain the matrix- osteocytes maintain bone
•-clasts: break the matrix down for remodeling- osteoclasts breakdown bone |
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Term
Components of the Extracellular Matrix |
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Definition
-Protein fibers
- Collagen which is most common protein in body
•Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs
•Elastic returns to its original shape after distension or compression
–Ground substance
•Shapeless background
–Fluid - blood |
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Term
Classification of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Embryonic connective tissue- Mesenchyme and Mucous
Adult connective tissue
1. Loose
2. Dense- regular collagenous, regular elastic, irregular collagenous, and irregular elastic
3. Connective tissues with special properties- adipose and reticular
4. Cartilage- Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
5. Bone- cancellous and compact
6. Blood and hemopoietic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
•Loose packing material of most organs and tissues
•Attaches skin to underlying tissues
•Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety of cells
Structure: cells(fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes) within a fine network of mostly collegen fibers; often merges with denser connective tissue.
Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with with it is associated
Location: widly distributed throughout body. substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest, backing between glands, muscles, and nerves. |
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Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
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Definition
–Has abundant collagen fibers
Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in same direction
Function: ability to withstand great pulling forces
Location:
•Tendons: Connect muscles to bones
•Ligaments: Connect bones to bones |
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Term
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Structure: composed of collagen and elastin fibers
Function: stretch and recoil like rubber band
Location- between vertebrea and in vocal cords |
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Term
Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Structure: collagen fibers
Function: stretch in all directions
Location: dermis of skin |
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Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue |
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Definition
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Term
Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Structure: bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastin fibers in multiple directions
Function- strength with stretching and recoil in several directions
Location- elastic arteries
Marfans Syndrome-caused by mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called fibrillin. Fibrillin helps connective tissue maintain its strength, and some fibers and undergo changes that weaken the tissue. the aorta may weaken, bulge, or tear |
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Term
Connective Tissue with Special Properties |
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Definition
•Adipose tissue
–Consists of adipocytes (fat cells)
–Types •Yellow (white)–most abundant, white at birth and yellows with age
•Brown– found only in specific areas of body as axillae, mammary glands, neck and near kidneys
-Highly vascular
•Reticular tissue–Forms framework of lymphatic tissue–Characterized by network of fibers and cells |
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