Term
| All mater is composed of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An atom is comprised of ___ |
|
Definition
| protons (+), neutrons (-) and electrons |
|
|
Term
| All elements have one or more neutrons except ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical bond is what kind of force? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Covalent bonds share what? |
|
Definition
| Electron pairs BUT sharing of electrons in a covalent bond are not always equal |
|
|
Term
| Ionic bond have what kind of attraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a covalent and ionic bond? |
|
Definition
| Ionic bonds have opposite attractions while covalent bonds share electron pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electrical attraction between a covalently bonded H atom and an electronegative atom |
|
|
Term
| What is a hydrophobic interaction? |
|
Definition
| An interaction of non polar substances in the presence of polar substances (especially water) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Van der Waals interaction? |
|
Definition
-An interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances
-attractions between nonpolar molecules and that are close together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Not ionic, referring to a covalent bond
-The electrons are distributed more symmetrically and thus does not have an abundance of charges at the opposite sides. The charges all cancel out each other
-Do not have charges at their ends
-opposite of polar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-opposite charges at either ends
-has electrical charge
-refers to covalent bonds
-opposite of nonpolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule made up of two or more elements bonded together in a fixed ratio |
|
|
Term
| Are covalent bonds strong or weak? |
|
Definition
-Covalent bonds are very strong- a lot of energy is required to break them
-At temperatures at which life exists the covalent bonds of biological molecules are very stable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrically charged particles form when atoms gain or lose electrons |
|
|
Term
| What is the charge of cations? |
|
Definition
| Cations have a positive charge. |
|
|
Term
| What is the charge of anions? |
|
Definition
| Anions have a negative charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Hydrogen bonds are the attraction between + end of one molecule and the - end of another hydrogen molecule
-Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules and are important in the structure of DNA and proteins |
|
|
Term
| What does the term hydrophilic mean? |
|
Definition
-Polar molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water
- "water loving" |
|
|
Term
| What does the term hydrophobic mean? |
|
Definition
-Non polar molecules such as hydrocarbons that interact with each other but not water
- "water hating" |
|
|
Term
| What does the term hydrocarbon mean? |
|
Definition
| A compound of and carbon which are chief components of petroleum and natural gas |
|
|
Term
| What does the term solvent mean? |
|
Definition
-Something able to dissolve other substances
-the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
|
|
Term
| Is water a polar solvent? |
|
Definition
| Yes, water is a polar solvent |
|
|
Term
| Do hydrophilics have a charge? |
|
Definition
| Yes, the term hydrophilics means it has a charge |
|
|
Term
| Why do fats clump together in water? |
|
Definition
| Fats will clump together in water due to exclusion because they will not react with the water |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Van der Waals attractions: |
|
Definition
-Individual interactions are brief and weak but can be substantial when summed over a large molecule
-Very weak attractions
-Can be added together to cumulatively have a large force |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a Van der Waals attraction? |
|
Definition
| Lizards climbing up a wall is an example of a Van der Waals attraction. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term mole? |
|
Definition
| Mole is the amount of a substance (in grams) that is numerically equal to its molecular weight |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term "amphipathic"? |
|
Definition
1. Dual nature
2. Polar AND hydrophilic |
|
|
Term
| What is a signal transduction pathway? |
|
Definition
| the sequence of events that lead to a cell's response to a signal; involves a signal, a receptor, and a response. Only cells with the necessary receptors can respond to a signal |
|
|
Term
| What does Autocrine mean? |
|
Definition
| signals that affect the cells that made them |
|
|
Term
| What does Juxtacrine mean? |
|
Definition
| signals that affect only adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| What does paracrine mean? |
|
Definition
| signals that affect nearby cells |
|
|
Term
| Where to hormones travel to, and how? |
|
Definition
| The travel to distant cells, usually via the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal transduction pathways can be interrelated |
|
|
Term
| How are crosstalk pathways interrelated? |
|
Definition
1. Pathways can branch; one activated protein may activate multiple pathways
2. Multiple pathways can converge on a signal transcription pathway
3. One pathway may be activated while another is inhibited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The specific binding sites of receptor proteins for chemical molecules |
|
|
Term
| What do receptor proteins have? |
|
Definition
| Very specific binding sites for chemical molecules, or ligands |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the ligand and receptor protein during binding? |
|
Definition
| When the ligand binds, the receptor protein can change shape, but the binding is reversible and the ligand is not altered |
|
|
