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| chromosomes are duplicated and start to condence; 90% of cell cycle |
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Chromosomes consist of sister chromatids;
Miotic spindle microtubles radiate from centtrosomes |
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spindle captures duplicated chromosomes at their kinetochore
nuclear envelope breaks down |
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chromosomes at cell equator METAPHASE PLATE
spindle pole to pole and pole to kinetochore |
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sister chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
Other microtubles lengthen elongating cell |
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Chromosomes decondense
Spindle breaks down
nuclear envelope forms around daughter nuclei |
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| microtubles and protein movement of chromosomes |
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| hollw rod of tubulin protein in cytoplasm |
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| radial array of microtuble fivers extending from each centrosome |
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| paired set of homologous chromosomes with 2 sister chromatids; PROPHASE 1 of meiosis |
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| allignment of chromosomes at metaphase ! likely to be different; 2^n |
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| pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
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| a cell contaaining one set of chromosomes |
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| the x shaped region representing homologous chromatids that exchange materials during meiosis; hold chromatids together |
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G1- size, nutrition and development
S-phase- DNA synthesis and chromosome duplication
G2-Prep for division chromosomes made of 2 chromotids |
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Homologs condense and pair
Crossing over
Spindle forms |
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spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes
homolog pairs align on equator |
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homologs seperate to opposite poles
sisters chromatids are still together |
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one set of chromosomes go to each pole
CYTOKINESIS reduction division |
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chromosomes recondense
spindle fibers form |
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spindle apparatus attaches
chromos align on spindle |
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| sister chromatids seperate to opposite poles |
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| cells seperate cells are haploid of starting cell. 4 daughter cells different from parent cell |
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| the 2 alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation |
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| Product rule of independent events |
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probability of 1 and 2 occuring
probibility of 1*2 |
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| Sum rule of mutually exclusive events: |
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probility of event 1 or 2
probability of 1+2 |
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| type of gene interaction on which one gene alters another that is inipendently inherited |
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| the phenotypes of both alleles are exibited in the heterozygote |
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| the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of inviduals for either allele |
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| the phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominent homozygote cant be told apart |
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| type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is inipendently inherited |
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| ability of a single gene to have multiple effets; sickle cell anemia |
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| is known because affected children will have affected parents |
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| will not have affected parents |
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| alleles of many genes contribute to get a continuous distribution of phenotypes; skin color |
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| sexualy related y: gene critical for sexual differntiation |
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| Number of genes on chromosomes |
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| trait found in only one sex ex milk production in cows |
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| by sex hormones; patterned baldness; Bb bald in men; not in women |
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| Sex determination different systems |
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X-Y mamals and humans 22+XY m; 22=XX F
X-O crickets; 22+x or 22+xx
Z-W birds; 76+zz 22+ZW
Haplodiploid bees;16haploid;32diploid |
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| an error in the meiosis or mitosis where both members of a pair of homolgous chromosomes or both sister chromotids fail to seperate properly |
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| a chromosome aberrration in which on or mor chrom are present in extra copies are difficient in number; trisomy or monosomy |
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| equalizes gene expression (barr body) |
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| What causes errors in chromosome distribution? |
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| abnormal spindle causes chromosomes to distribue unequally |
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| X inactivation not complete |
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75% genes are off in all women
15% On
10% genes on variably |
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| one of two types of Nitrougenous bases found in nucleotides; cytosine (2 seperate H), thymine(CH3) and Uracil |
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| Nitrogenouse base Adenine (2 seperate H) Guanine (3 seperate H) both are 2 rings; hydroginous |
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Definition
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| What are the nucleotide subunits? |
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| Phophate group, base and a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) |
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| What links nucleotides together? |
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| Semiconservitive Replication |
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| type of dna replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old and one newly make strand |
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| When bonding a prrine and pyrimidine AT and GC |
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| ATP driving phophate that attaches to the 3' end of the new strand caring with it the new base; during DNA replication |
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| What are the dimensions of the DNA helix? |
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Definition
3.4 nm per 10 rungs; 1 turn of dna
2nm across base pairs; .34nm per base |
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| Opening of the double helix; single strand binding proteins hold helix open; RNA primer made by primase follows from 3' to 5' end; DNA polymerase ads deoxyribose necleotide triphosphats to primer; leading strand is complete; lagging strand has okazaki fragments; new dna replaces rna primer; ligase seals framented okazaki on lagging strand; happens at many origins during the Sphase; en the end you have 2 sister chromatids |
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| Repeated sequance for the very end of the dna strand; telomerase adds repeats to the 3/ ends using its own RNA template |
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| a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA |
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| A gene specific DNA segment being copied to a trancript of RNA |
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| The RNA of a gene being translated into a polpeptide protein within the ribisome located in teh cytoplasm |
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| Gene: a specific DNA segment on a chromosome |
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Definition
| 3 parts; promoter, transcription unit; termination |
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| RNA polymerase binds to the promoter at the transcription initiation site; DNA is unwound; RNA transcript is complete; RNA polermerase is released at the terminating end |
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| an enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomers. The enzume includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomer segments |
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| The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome; specifically the tandemly repetitive dna at the end of a chromosome dna molicule |
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| 3 part sequance; RNA bases that make up a code for an amino acid |
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| proteins that bind DNA and encourage RNA polermase binding |
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| Processing the transcipt to mRNA |
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Definition
| Exon's are the encoded portion of DNA; introns (place holders) are removed (spliced out) to make mRNA; the mRNA is composed of a 5'cap, exons; and a polly A tail |
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| a complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joinint the two adjacent exons |
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end the translation of RNA into protein
UAA, UAG, and UGA are all Stop codons |
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| at the 5' end of the RNA (AUG) called methionine |
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| the interpreter of the seris of codons along the mRNA molicule |
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| as a molicule of Mrna is moved through a ribosome, codons are translated into amino acids one by one. The interpreters tRNA each with a specific anticodon at one end and corresponding amino acid at the other. A trna adds its amino acid cargo to a growing polypeptide chain when the anticodon bonds to a complementary codon on the mRNA. |
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| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
| joins a specific amino acid to a tRNA; linkage of the two requires energy of ATP; in the process looses two phosphates becoming AMP adensoine monophosphate |
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| anticodons are written 3'-5' to align with codons written 5'-3' for base pairing RNA strands must be antiparallel; like DNA |
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| Termination of translation |
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Definition
polypeptide released
empth tRNA released(stop codon)
ribosome disassembles |
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| To function as an enzyme, Cdk must bind with |
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Definition
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| In what type of cell would a barr body be observed |
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| a liver cell from a women |
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| the fundamental unit of eukaryotic chromatin |
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| males with an extra y xyy is clled |
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| monosomy x or XO is called |
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| is used to foin the sugar phospate backbones of the Okazaki fragments |
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| The prupose of the helicase |
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| Peptidyl transferase is used |
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Definition
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| Mutations that add an extra base to a coding DNA sequance are called |
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Definition
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| if a DNA sequence is coded from 5' 3' what will the transcription process produce? |
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Definition
| 3' to 5' and A are matched with U |
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| found that traits are inheritied through physical transmission of hereditary factors |
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| DNA strans are held together by hydrogen bonds |
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| genes reside on chromosomes |
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| Avery, mcCarthy and McCleod |
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| DNA is the active priniple in bacterial transformation |
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| DNA replication is semi conservative |
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