Term
What system is made up of muscles and tendons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings and heat production are functions of what system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Excitability, conductivity, extensibility, elasticity are universal characteristics of what system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle tissue is attached to bones, striated, has many nuclei per cell and can be a foot long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal muscle cells can regenerate a FEW muscle fibers with _____ cells, which are actually ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After an injury and muscle cells are destroyed, most muscle cells or fibers do not regenerate but form scar tissue or fibrosis. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle tissue functions to move the skeleton, maintain posture, contract diaphragm, increase body heat and move blood and lymph in veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
We have about 200 bones in our body and ____ muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A bundle of muscle cells is called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle tissue is striated, has a single nucleus, has branched fibers, has intercalated discs, is under involuntary control and is located in the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle propels blood through blood vessels and pumps blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine increase or decrease heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle tissue lines hollow organs, has no striations, has a single nucleus, has a spindle shape and is under involuntary control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The embryonic stem cell for skeletal muscle is called a myoblast. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The skeletal muscle finer has many nuclei per cell because in embryonic development the myoblast fuse together. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myoblast that remain unspecialized are called _____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the cytoplasm called in muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle cells need many mitochondria per cell because they use energy when they contract. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do muscle cells store energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do muscle cells store oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the plasma membrane called in a skeletal muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the fingerlike invaginations of the sarcolemma? |
|
Definition
transverse tubules (T tubules) |
|
|
Term
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell? |
|
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
|
|
Term
What mineral is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What filament is located in the middle of the sarcomere, it is thicker and makes cross bridges that attach to the active sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What filament is attached to the Z lines, it is thinner and has active sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name two regulatory proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which regulatory protein covers the active site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which regulatory protein reacts with Calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What protein makes up the thick filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What protein makes up the thin filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What protein makes up the elastic filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the unit of contraction of a skeletal muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What consists of actin, myosin, between Z lines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does a myofibril has one sarcomere or it or many that lines up like box cars on a train? |
|
Definition
many that are lined up like box cars in a train |
|
|
Term
The skeletal muscle cell shortens because individual _____ shorten. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is a skeletal muscle such as Biceps brachii an organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why is a muscle an organ? |
|
Definition
it is made up of different tissues (muscle cells, BV, nerves, CT) |
|
|
Term
What is another name for muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a bundle of muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the word fascicle mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A bundle of fascicles makes up what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the levels of organization of a skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
myofilaments à myofibrils à muscle fibers à fascicles à whole muscle |
|
|
Term
What type of connective tissue surrounds the muscle fiber and allows room for BV and nerve fibers to reach the muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of CT surrounds a fascicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of CT surrounds the entire muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the CT called where the epimysium blends into the CT to separate adjacent muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the specific name of the fibrous CT there the epimysium called that Is located beneath the skin and binds the skin to the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which fascia contains adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the cord-like CT that attaches the muscle to the periosteum to the bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle attachment is between intercostal muscles and ribs where the epimysium is continous with the perhiosteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle attachment does the epimysoim form a strong fibrous tendon that merges with the periosteum of the bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a broad sheet of dense CT that attaches muscle to bone or muscle to muscle as with Rectus abdominis and other abdominal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the less movable attachment of muscle to bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the more moveable attachment of muscle to bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the muscle that produces the desired action or produces most of the force? Give two names. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the muscle that produces an action that is opposite of the prime mover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the muscle that assists the prime mover by reducing unnecessary movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of neuron innervates skeletal muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When the axon branches a few times or many times, what are the branches called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each axon terminal forms a neuromuscular junction with how many muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each muscle fiber is innervated by how many motor neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each motor neuron can innervate how many muscle cells? |
|
Definition
up to 200 (as many axon terminals as it has) |
|
|
Term
What is a motor neuron and all the muscle cells or muscle fibers it stimulates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each axon branches into terminals. Each axon terminal forma a ______ ______ with a muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each muscle cell is innervated by how many neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One motor neuron can innervates how many different muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
up to 200 (as many axon terminals as it has) |
|
|
Term
One motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates is a ______ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of motor unit may control only 4-6 muscle cells, is precise, and can be located in eyes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of motor unit may control 1,000 muscle cells is less precise and can be located in rectus femoris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle fibers in one motor unit are spread throughout the entire muscle. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do motor units reduce muscle fatigue? |
|
Definition
they work in shifts (more than one unit per muscle) |
|
|
Term
When a muscle fiber is stimulates to threshold, it contracts to its fullest. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When a muscle fiber is not stimulated to threshold, it does not contract at all. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is when a muscle fiber is stimulates to threshold, it contracts to its fullest, and when a muscle fiber is not stimulated to threshold, it does not contract at all referring to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In order to pick up heavier objects, more motor units must be stimulated. What is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is it called when some motor units within a muscle are always active even when the entire muscle is not contracting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One motor neuron may be attached to more than one muscle fiber. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One muscle fiber may be attached to more than one motor neuron. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the junction between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The area where the snaptic knob is nestled in a depression of folded sarcolemma is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the neurotransmitter released at the NMJ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of channels open when ACh binds to its receptor on the muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What ACh binds to its receptor on the muscle cell, what spreads along the sarcolemma? Give three names for this. |
|
Definition
action potential (muscle impulse or depolarization/repolarization) |
|
|
Term
What is an autoimmune disease that results in the loss of ACh receptors and causes muscle weakness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What drug blocks ACh receptors, is used in surgery to stop muscle contractions, and found in poisoned arrows in South America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What bacteria produces a neurotoxin that inhibits glycine release, which results in over-stimulation of muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What bacteria produces a toxin that prevents the release of ACh at the NMJ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the nerve gas called that binds to acetylcholinesterase and prevents degradation of ACh and causes spastic paralysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As the muscle impulse travels down the transverse tubules it triggers the release of what mineral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Calcium binds to what regulatory protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What Calcium binds to its regulatory protein, what regulatory protein is moved off the active sites of actin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What binds to actin’s active sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does actin, myosin or the sarcomere shorten? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What happens to the muscle fiber when ACh is decomposed, ATP pumps Calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and tropomyosin blocks the active sites of actin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a muscle impulse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a quick contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber caused by a threshold stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the delay between the onset of a stimulus and the onset of a twitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is happening during the latent period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the muscle fiber contracting during the latent period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the phase called when the sarcomere shortens and begins to move the load? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the phase called with ACh is degraded and Calcium is pumped back into the SR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the “stiffness of death”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During Rigor Mortis, why can’t the myosin crossbridges detach from the active sites? |
|
Definition
no more ATP left to detach them |
|
|
Term
What type of muscle contraction has no change in tension but a change in length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are two forms of isotonic contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of isotonic contraction moves the load and the muscle shortens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of isotonic contraction moves the load the muscle lengthens and acts as a brake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle contraction does not move the load and the muscle stays the same length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of energy is needed for muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are two types of immediate energy for the muscle cell? |
|
Definition
ATP and Creatine Phosphate (CP) |
|
|
Term
What is a high energy molecule stored in the muscle cell that gives up a phosphate to ADP to create ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Together the CP and ATP are known as the __________ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are two names for short-term energy for the muscle cell? |
|
Definition
Glycogen-lactic acid system or anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
Where does glycolysis take place? Is O2 required? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In glycolysis, glucose produces pyruvic acid and ___ ATP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If no O2 is present in the cell, the pyruvic acid is converted into ________ acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the glycogen-lactic acid system we get quick energy for a sprint, but what are the shortcomings? Give two. |
|
Definition
buildup of lactic acid causing muscle fatigue and use a lot of glucose for a little ATP |
|
|
Term
What is the inability of a muscle to contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the long-term energy for the cell? Is O2 needed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Give six reasons for muscle fatigue. |
|
Definition
insufficient ATP production, insufficient oxygen delivered to cells, depletion of myoglobin, depletion of glycogen, depletion of creatine phosphate, buildup of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
Why do we “pant” after exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the O2 that must be taken into the body to restore the muscle cells and liver to its resting state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are slow-twitch, slow oxidative, or Type I fibers called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle fibers has many mitochrondria, myoglobin, capillaries, adapted to aerobic cellular respiration, resistant to muscle fatigue and found in postural muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are fast-twitch, fast glycolytic, or Type II fibers called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle fibers has few mitochrondria, myoglobin and capillaries, is adapted to anaerobic respiration, fatigues easily, found in muscles for eye movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle lines the walls of the respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive and cardiovascular systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle is capable of mitosis, especially in the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name two types of smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
multiunit and single unit (visceral) |
|
|
Term
What type of smooth muscle has nerve fibers that synapse with individual myocytes to form motor units similar to skeletal muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most common type of smooth muscle? Give two names. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of smooth muscle forms larger networks or sheets of cells connected by gap junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of smooth muscle produces a wave of synchronized contractions called peristalsis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cardiocytes are found in what type of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each cardiocyte is linked to several cardiocytes by _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle tissue is auto-rhythmic and can contract with outside nervous stimulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the specialized cardiac muscle cells that are self-exciting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the tearing of muscle fibers or tears in the CT or tendon called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the enlargement of muscle fibers due to extensive exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the decrease in muscle size and strength due to lack of use? |
|
Definition
|
|