Term
Name and define the 3 capabilities of skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
-excitable
-extensible
-elastic
(All contractile) |
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Term
`What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac |
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Term
What are the 3 landmarks of any skeletal muscle such as the biceps brachii? How can you identify each part? |
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Definition
-insertion
-belly
-origin |
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Term
To what 3 items may skeletal muscle attach? |
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Definition
1. tendons
2. periosteum
3. raphe (seam-like attachment) |
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Term
What are the 3 connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle? What items does each sheath surround? |
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Definition
1. Epimysium- dense irregular CT --skeletal muscle
2. Perimysium- dense irregular CT --each fascile
3. Endomysium- areolar CT-- each muscle fiber |
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Term
What is the "functional unit" of skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Explain muscle fiber contraction. What happens to the sarcomere, the H band, the myofilaments, and the overall muscle? |
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Definition
1) z-lines move toward eachother
2) H-zone narrows
3) the sacromere narrows
4) filaments remain unchanged
5) the overall muscle shortens (contracts) |
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Term
Differentiate between slow, fast and intermediate muscle fibers. When is each used? |
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Definition
SLOW (back muscles)
• aerobic = myoglobin = red
• capillaries
• numerous mitochondria
• fatigue resistant
• small diameter
• slow, prolonged contractions
FAST (arm, eye, hand -most muscles)
• anaerobic = less myoglobin = white
• less capillaries
• less mitochondria
• fatigues easily
• large diameter
• increased glycogen reserves = sweet
• powerful contractions
INTERMEDIATE (leg muscles used for walking)
• aerobic
• mod. fatigue resistant
• contractions = mod. powerful
• int. myoglobin = tan
• int. mitochondria
• int. diameter
• slow, prolonged contractions
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Term
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Definition
A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
*The smaller the unit, the greater the control |
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Term
What is a neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
connection between the nervous system and the muscular system via synapses between efferent nerve fibers and muscle fiber |
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Term
Know the various organizational patterns of muscle fibers such as circular, parallel, etc. |
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Definition
CIRCULAR = orbicularis oris
CONVERGENT = pectoralis major
PARALLEL = rectus abdominis
PENNATE = extensor digitorum, rectus femoris, deltoid |
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Term
What are the 7 features used in naming muscles? |
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Definition
1) fiber direction
2) muscle size
3) muscle position
4) action
5) attachment
6) shape
7) # of origins |
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Term
What are the 5 primary components of the cardiovascular system? What is the role of each? |
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Definition
1) blood
2) heart
3) arteries
4) veins
5) capillaries |
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Term
Give the functions of the cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
1) transport
2) protection
3) material exchange
4) regulatory (temp., fluid pressures, pH) |
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Term
What are the 2 major components of blood? What does each contain? |
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Definition
FORMED ELEMENTS (45%)
• red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• white blood cells (leukocytes)
• platelets (thrombocytes)
GROUND SUBSTANCE (55%)
• plasma (fluid)
• fibrinogin (during the clotting process) |
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Term
What are the general functions of blood? |
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Definition
1) transport of:
• dissolved gases (02, CO2)
• nutrients, enzymes, hormones
• metabolic waste (esp. N)
2) regulation of pH & interstitial fluid
3) protection:
• clotting
• defense vs. toxins & other foreign elements
4) thermoregulation |
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Term
Describe and give a function of each blood cell type [including RBCs & platelets]. |
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Definition
RBC- "ghost cells"
• biconcave disc
• no nucleus
• 120 day (4 month) lifespan
• oxyhemoglobin
• carboxyhemoglobin
PLATELETS
• membrane-enclosed enzyme packets (not cells)
• cell fragments
• produced by megakaryocytes
• 8-10 day lifespan
• important in blood clotting |
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Term
How do platelets form? What is their function? |
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Definition
Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow. Their function is blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is a pericardium? What is its function? Differentiate between visceral and parietal pericardia. |
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Definition
A protective, lubricated sac surrounding the heart.
• VISCERAL = epicardium; areolar CT, mesothelium
• PARIETAL = lines the inner surface of the paricardium; areolar CT, mesothelium
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Term
What are the 3 histological layers of the heart wall? |
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Definition
1) endocardium- areolar CT, endothelium
2) myocardium
3) epicardium |
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Term
What are intercalated discs? What is their function? |
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Definition
cross-bands that separate the opposing ends of cardiac muscle cells
FUNCTIONS
1) attaches adjacent fibers
2) strengthens muscle
3) aids muscle contraction by speeding electrical impulses |
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Term
What is the function of the heart's fibrous skeleton? |
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Definition
• separates the atria & ventricles
• anchors heart valves
• serves as attachmentsites for heart muscle
• blocks contrary impulses by isolating tria & ventricles
•
• |
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Term
Explain how heart valves work. What is their function? |
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Definition
permit the passage of blood in one direction |
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Term
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
1) systole = contraction
2) diastole = relaxation |
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Term
Describe how nodal tissue controls heart action and what structural features are involved. |
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Definition
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Term
Be able to trace the flow of blood through a human heart. (starting at the vena cavas). This will be an extra credit question on your next exam. |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 5 sequential steps controlling heartbeat during the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
1) SA node initiation
2) dispersal through internodal fibers = atrial contraction
3) AV node stimulation
4) dispersal through Bundle of His
5) dispersal through Purkinje fibers = ventricular
contraction |
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Term
What are the 3 circulatory patterns? |
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Definition
1) pulmonary circuit (short = lungs)
2) systemic circuit (long = body)
3) coronary circuit (heart only) |
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Term
What are the 3 "tunics" found in blood vessels? |
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Definition
1) Tunica Intima
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica Externa |
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Term
How do arteries and veins differ? |
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Definition
1) blood direction
2) patency (open)
3) wall thickness & structure
4) internal pressure (much higher in arteries)
5) size of lumen (larger in vein)
6) valves (veins) |
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Term
Contrast continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal capillaries. Where is each found? |
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Definition
1) Continuous
•most common
•skin
•skeleton
•CNS
•muscle
2) Fenestrated (holes)
•kidney
•intestine
•endocrine glands
•eye
3) Sinusoidal
•least common
•liver
•spleen
•bone marrow
•rapid exchange
•incomplete basement membrane
•"swiss cheese" |
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Term
Describe a capillary bed. |
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Definition
an interweaving network of capillaries supplying an organ. The more metabolically active the cells, the more capillaries they will require to supply nutrients and carry away waste products. |
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Term
What is the function of venous valves? |
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Definition
closes to prevent backflow |
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Term
What specific vessels are involved in the pulmonary circulatory pattern? |
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Definition
Blood low in oxygen is pumped out of the right
ventricle into the pulmonary trunk.
-left pulmonary artery and a right pulmonary artery that go to the lungs.
-pulmonary arteries divide into smaller arteries, then arterioles. |
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Term
What part of the body do the common hepatic arteries supply? |
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Definition
intestine -> liver -> heart |
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Term
What part of the body do the common carotids supply? |
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Definition
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Term
What part of the body does the brachial artery supply? |
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Definition
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Term
What part of the body do the opthalmic arteries supply? |
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Definition
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Term
What part of the body does the femoral artery supply? |
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Definition
thigh, groin, abdominal wall |
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Term
What part of the body do the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply? |
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Definition
duodenum, intestines, pancreas |
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Term
What part of the body do the renal arteries supply? |
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Definition
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Term
What part of the body do the common iliac arteries supply? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the role of receptors located within the carotid sinus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the special function of the cerebral arterial circle? |
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Definition
supplies blood to the brain |
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Term
Describe the circulatory changes that occur at birth involving the following: (pg 719 o umbilical arteries o ductus venosus o foramen ovale o ductus arteriosus |
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Definition
1) placenta & umbilical cord = removed
2) umbilical arteries = umbilical ligaments
3) umbilical vein = round ligament of liver
4) ductus venosus = ligamentum venosum
5) foramen ovale = fossa ovalis
6) ductus arteriosus = ligamentum arteriosum |
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Term
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Definition
small blood vessels that supply or drain the walls of larger arteries & veins and connect with a branch of the same neighboring vessel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
relaxation phase of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
the narrowing of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls |
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Term
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Definition
the dilation of blood vessels; when the interior walls of blood vessels relax allowing blood to flow easier |
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Term
What is a portal system? What is the significance of the hepatic portal system? |
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Definition
is a venous network
that drains the GI tract and shunts the blood to the liver for absorption and processing of transported materials.
Following nutrient absorption, the blood exits the liver through hepatic veins that merge with the inferior vena cava. |
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Term
What 5 items make up the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
1) lymph vessels
2) lymphoid tissue
3) lymph organs
4) fluid lymph (chyle)
5) lymphatic cells |
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Term
What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
1) prevention of edema
2) transport of dietary lipids
3) protection via lymphocytes
•pathogen removal
•immune response |
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Term
Compare the structure of blood capillaries and lymph capillaries. |
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Definition
Lymph capillaries
- slightly larger diameter
- more irregular lumen
- more permeable
- close-ended
Blood capillaries
- thin walls permit exchange of oxygen & nutirents
- absorbs CO2 & waste
- |
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Term
Explain how lymph valves function. |
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Definition
valves work on the principle of pressure differential |
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Term
What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain? What part does the thoracic duct drain? |
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Definition
-into the junction of the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular vein
-into the junction of the left subclavian
vein and left internal jugular vein |
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Term
Know the basic structure of lymph nodes (as discussed in class) and their distribution |
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Definition
-oval shaped structure
-found in clusters under the armpit, head, neck, groin, breast, axilla |
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Term
Where is the thymus gland located and what is its role? |
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Definition
located in the middle of the chest, behind sternum
• contain stem cells that produe T lymphocytes
• involutes (gone) after puberty
• post puberty T-lymphocytes are formed only by mitosis |
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Term
Where is the spleen located and what is its function? |
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Definition
located behind stomach
1) recycles aged RBCs & platelets (stores iron)
2) serves as blood filter & resevoir
3) houses lymphocytes
4) immune response to antigens in the blood |
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Term
Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? |
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Definition
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Term
Which heart chambers pump deoxygenated blood? |
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Definition
Right atrium & right ventricle |
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Term
The epicardium is another name for what? |
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Definition
visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
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Term
What is the blood flow throughout the heart? |
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Definition
systemic veins - superior & inferior vena cava - right atrium - right atrioventricular valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semiulnar valve - pulmonary trunk & arteries - GAS EXHANGE IN LUNGS
- pulmonary veins - left atrium - left atrioventricular valve - left ventricle - aortic semiulnar valve - aorta - systemic arteries
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