Term
Why is anatomical position used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three anatomical planes of the body? |
|
Definition
- sagittal
- coronal
- transverse |
|
|
Term
What plane is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What plane is this?[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What plane is this?[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three main parts of the skeleton? |
|
Definition
- axial
- appendicular
- girdles |
|
|
Term
What does the axial skeleton consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two girdles of the body? |
|
Definition
- pectoral (shoulders)
- pelvic (hips) |
|
|
Term
What purpose do girdles serve? |
|
Definition
they connect the axial and appendicular skeletons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the ends of the bones
- contain growth plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the shaft portion of the bone (between the epiphyses) |
|
|
Term
What is an example of a bone-bone attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an example of a bone-muscle attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an example of a bone marking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- two bones connected by fibrous tissue
- very little movement |
|
|
Term
Example(s) of a fibrous joint |
|
Definition
- sutures
- between skull bones
- between the radius and ulna
- between the tibia and fibula |
|
|
Term
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints and how are they different? |
|
Definition
- primary and secondary
- they are different because they have different types of cartilage |
|
|
Term
What kind of cartilage does a primary cartilaginous joint have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of cartilage does a secondary cartilaginous joint have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- two joints separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- the synovial fluid is contained in a fibrous capsule which is lined with a synovial membrane
- these joints provide a wide range of movement |
|
|
Term
Lable the following
[image] |
|
Definition
A: synovial fluid
B: synovial membrane
C: joint capsule |
|
|
Term
Examples of synovial joints |
|
Definition
- knee
- elbow
- temporomandibular joint |
|
|
Term
What are the three types of muscle? |
|
Definition
- smooth
- striated (skeletal)
- cardiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- spindle shaped WITHOUT striation
- walls of organs
- UNconscious control |
|
|
Term
Striated (skeletal) muscle |
|
Definition
- long, unbranched cells WITH striations
- limbs, head & neck, body walls
- conscious control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unique, branched cells WITH striations
- heart
- UNconscious control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unique, branched cells WITH striations
- heart
- UNconscious control |
|
|
Term
Three types of muscle fiber arrangments |
|
Definition
- parallell
- pennate
- sphincter |
|
|
Term
Parallel muscle fibers and the three types |
|
Definition
- large range of contractile motion
1.) strap
2.) fusiform
3.) fanshaped |
|
|
Term
What kind of muscle is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of muscle is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of muscle is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
- fan-shaped (or convergent)
- parallel |
|
|
Term
Pennate muscles and the three types |
|
Definition
- shorter fibers attached along a tendon
- shorter ROM, more powerful
1.) pennate
2.) bipennate
3.) multipennate |
|
|
Term
What kind of muscle is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of muscle is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of muscle is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sphincter muscles and the one type |
|
Definition
- surround body openings
- close the hole when contracting
- circular |
|
|
Term
What kind of muscle is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
working together to make a greater force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- critical for a healthy muscle
- can become compressed during a contraction
- important for relaxation and stretching following exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activates contractile fibers at the neuromuscular junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sense the stretch and position of muscles (proprioception) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- carry blood AWAY from heart
- thick walled vessels (provides rigidity)
- most often oxygenated blood
- exceptions that do not carry blood away from the heart:
1.) pulmonary arteries
2.) umbilical arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- carry blood TO the heart
- thin walled vessels (flimsy)
- most often DEoxygenated blood
- exceptions that do not carry blood to the heart
1.) pulmonary veins
2.) umbilical veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- simple endothelial tubes
- gas exchange occurs in the capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extra body fluid
- drains into venous system |
|
|
Term
Structual units of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the following lables...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) dendrites (recieve information)
B) cell body
C) axon
D) myelin sheath
E) axon terminals (transmits information)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of neuron is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
multipolar (most of these are motor neurons) |
|
|
Term
What kind of neuron is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
White matter vs Gray matter |
|
Definition
white matter:
- due to myelin (axon portion of neuron)
- myelin is white because of lipids
gray matter:
- due to cell bodies
- absence of myelin |
|
|
Term
What is the anatomical division of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the CNS composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the PNS composed of? |
|
Definition
cranial and spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
What is the functional division of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
- somatic NS
- autonomic NS
- sensory
- motor |
|
|
Term
What are the two divisions of the autonomic NS? |
|
Definition
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
What is the functional organization of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory neurons and the two classifications |
|
Definition
- Afferent
- signals go TO CNS
- somatic and visceral sensory
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sensation of the body (skin)
- "triggered" by pain, temperature, pressure, touch, and vibration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sensation of the organs
- limited to "triggers" of pain and detension |
|
|
Term
Motor neurons and the two classifications |
|
Definition
- Efferent
- signals travel away from the CNS
- somatic and visceral motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- voluntary contractions
- ex. skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- involuntary
- ex. organs, glands, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cervical (8)
- thoracic (12)
- lumbar (5)
- sacral (5)
- coccygeal (1) |
|
|
Term
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there total? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For cervical spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient? |
|
Definition
- superior to the respective vertebrate
- meaning that spinal nerve C2 is between vertebrae C1 and C2 (C2 is below) |
|
|
Term
For thoracic spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient? |
|
Definition
- inferior to vertebrae
- spinal nerve T2 will be between vertebrae T2 and T3 |
|
|
Term
For lumbar spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient? |
|
Definition
- inferior to the vertebrae
- spinal nerve L3 will be between vertebrae L3 and L4 |
|
|
Term
For sacral spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient? |
|
Definition
- inferior to the vertebrae
- spinal nerve S3 will be between vertebrae S3 and S4 |
|
|
Term
Spinal nerve C2
(innervation, relative location, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates inferior surface of mandible and posterior/lateral sides of the skull
|
|
|
Term
Spinal nerve C3
(innervation, relative location, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates around the superior/middle neck |
|
|
Term
Spinal nerve C4
(innervation, relative location, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates the middle/inferior portion of the neck |
|
|
Term
Spinal nerve C5
(innervation, relative location, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates some anterior/lateral parts of the upper limbs
- at about the clavicular level and travels down arms and ends near the wrist "joint" |
|
|
Term
Spinal nerve C6
(innervation, relative location, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates a band on the back (near the "bending point" of the neck) and down the most lateral portion of the arm
- also innervates the most lateral part of the hand and the thumb
- no anterior innervation |
|
|
Term
Spinal nerve C7
(innervation, relative location, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates the band below the C6 nerve on the posterior side of the body and innervates the middle length of the arm (through the elbow)
- innervates the middle part of the hand and the pointer and middle finger |
|
|
Term
Spinal nerve C8
(innervation, relative location, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates the band below nerve C7 on the back and travels down the most medial portion of the arm
- inervates the most medial portion of the hand and the ring and pinky fingers |
|
|
Term
T1
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates upper most band of back
- innervates axillary area
- innervates the middle portion of the anterior arm stopping at the wrist "joint" |
|
|
Term
T2-T12
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates back in descending order (ending at the small of the back)
- innervates abdomen in descending order (ending at about the ASIS line)
- T4 is at about the nipple line
- T10 is at about the belly button line
- T12 is the inguinal region |
|
|
Term
L1
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates lower back
- innervates the superior most-anterior portion of the lower limbs (about where the hip flexes)
|
|
|
Term
L2
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates the low back
- innervates the upper anterior thigh (basically inferior where the male genitalia end) |
|
|
Term
L3
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates lower back
- innervates the anterior leg (about mid thigh) and travels medially down the leg to about the bottom of the belly of the gastroc |
|
|
Term
L4
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates low back
- innervates lateral inferior thigh and travels down the middle of the knee and down to the medial part of the calf and ankle
- innervates medial side of the foot and the big toe |
|
|
Term
L5
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates low back
- innervates the lateral potion of the legs (and IT band area) down to the middle shin and ankle
- innervates toes 2-4 along with top and middle sole of the foot |
|
|
Term
S1
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates butt
- innervates posterior-lateral leg and lateral mallelous
- innervates lateral side of the foot and the pinky toe |
|
|
Term
S2
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates "medial" butt
- innervates the posterior-medial portion of the leg
- innervates the "Achille's tendon" and the medial sole of the foot
- also innervates the genitalia |
|
|
Term
S3
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates "inner" butt
- innervates genitalia |
|
|
Term
S4, S5
(innervation, relative area, etc.) |
|
Definition
- innervates very inner butt
- innervates the butt hole |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
1) white matter
2) dorsal root gangloin (DRG)
3) gray matter
4) ventral root
5) dorsal root
6) spinal nerve
7) ventral ramus
8) dorsal ramus
9) sensory impulses ([dorsal] meets in DRG)
10) motor impulses ([ventral] separates into ramus) |
|
|
Term
How many pairs of ribs are there and which ones are true, flase, and floating? |
|
Definition
- 12 pairs
- 1-7 are true ribs (7 ribs)
- 8-10 are flase ribs (3, share rib 7's cartilage)
- 11 & 12 are floating ribs (2, no catrilage)
|
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) vertebral arch
B) lamina
C) pedicle
D) spinous process
E) transverse process
F) superior articular process
G) vertebral forame
H) body |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) body
B) intervertebral disc
C) superior costal facet
D) superior articular facet
E) transverse process articular facet
F) spinous process
G) inferior articular facet
H) inferior costal facet |
|
|
Term
How many joints per vertebrae are there for rib articulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three parts of the sternum? |
|
Definition
- manubrium
- body
-xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a trapezoid shaped bone
- has two clavicular notches
- has a jugular notch (at the level of the T3 vert) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- manibriosternal joint
- is the articulation for rib 2
- at the T4/T5 level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- articulation for ribs 3-6
- the T4-T9 level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- smallest part
- thin and elongated
- highly variable in shape
- isn't bone in children (cartilage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sternum
- lower ribs
- vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the phrenic nerve
- C3-C5 spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- internal thoracic
- branches of aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- separates thorax and abdomen
- dome shaped
- tendinous central regoin
- when it contracts, it flattens and the thorax gets bigger
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- external, internal, and innermost intercostals
- transversus thorasis |
|
|
Term
External intercostals
(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc) |
|
Definition
O: inferior borders of superior ribs
I: superior borders of inferior ribs
D: like putting hands in pockets, "posterior to anterior while inferior"
F: elevates ribcage (for inspiration) |
|
|
Term
Internal intercostals
(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc) |
|
Definition
O: superior border of rib inferior
I: inferior border of rib superior
D: opposite of the externals, runs anterior to posterior while inferior
F: depresses rib cage |
|
|
Term
Innermost intercostals
(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc.) |
|
Definition
O: superior border of inferior rib
I: inferior border of superior rib
D: orientation varies
F: elevate ribs |
|
|
Term
Transversus thoracis
(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc.) |
|
Definition
O: posterior surface of the sternum
I: deep surfaces of the cartilage of ribs 2-6
D: vary in direction but splay out from the sternum
F: depresses the thorax during forced expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- vein, artery, and nerve run together
- in the costal groove
- between the internal and innermost intercostals
- when using a needle in the thoracic region, avoid the inferior costal border |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ventral rami of T1-T12
- segmental (T1=armpit, T4=nipples, T10=umbilicus)
- supply the intercostal muscles with feeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the azygous system
- asymetrical (it is only continous on the right side) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- left
- right
- mediastinum |
|
|
Term
What is in the the left chest cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is in the right chest cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is in the mediastinum? |
|
Definition
- heart
- big vessels (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary vein, etc)
- trachea
- esophagus |
|
|
Term
What is pleura and what are the two types that are present on the lungs? |
|
Definition
- pleura (pleuron) means from side of body
- it's a membrane that secretes fluid
- architecture due to the embryonic development of the lungs |
|
|
Term
Label the following colors...
[image] |
|
Definition
yellow: cervical pleura
blue: costal pleura
red: mediastinal pleura
green: diaphragmatic pleura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- space between parietal and visceral pleura
- normally there's not physical space
- lungs are under negative pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- collapsed lung
- chest tube and vacuum are used to restore the pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal/oral cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli --> lungs
|
|
|
Term
Anatomical relationships of the trachea |
|
Definition
- starts at the end of the larynx (C6)
- ends at the bronchi (T4)
- anterior to the esophagus
- posterior to aorta, vena cava |
|
|
Term
Anatomical structures of the trachea |
|
Definition
- C-shaped rings of cartilage
- carina at the bifurcation (where it splits)
- bronchi are asymetric
- trachea wilol "depress" for tsophagus expansion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the split
- has lots of nerves
- generates cough for blocked trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- they're asymmetric (like the lings)
- left bronchi is more horizonal and narrow
- right bronchi is more verticle and wider
- foreign objects are more likely to fall into the right bronchi |
|
|
Term
Anatomical relationship of the lungs in the thorax |
|
Definition
- lower inferior border is at the level of rib 6
- lower inferior posterior border is at the level of rib 10 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- has 2 lobes (superior & inferior)
- oblique fissure divides
- has a cardiac notch and lingula
- 2 impressions on medial side (for the aorta and the heart) |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) superior lobe of the R lung
B) horizontal fissure
C) middle lobe
D) oblique fissure of the R lung
E) inferior lobe of the R lung
2nd E) superior lobe of the L lung
F) oblique fissure of the L lung
G) inferior lobe of the L lung
H) cardiac notch
I) lingula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 3 lobes (superior, middle & inferior)
- 2 fissures (horizontal (superior/middle) & oblique (middle/inferior))
- impressions on the medial side: azygous vein, SVC, shallow heart impression |
|
|
Term
What is another name for the root of the lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the root of the lung/hilum? |
|
Definition
the only point of entrance or exit of structures to the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bronchus
- pulmonary artery (1)
-pulmonary veins (2)
- lymphatics
- autonomic nerve
- bronchial arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) superior vena cava
B) pulmonary artery (blue because the blood is not oxygenated yet)
C) pulmonary veins (reb because the blood is not DEoxygenated yet)
D) brochus
E) bronchial arteries
F) bronchus
G) hilum
H) esophagus
I) azygous vein |
|
|
Term
The bronchus and the pulmonary artery and veins in relation within the hilum |
|
Definition
- bronchus are posterior and cartilaginous
- pulmonary artery is superior and has a thick wall
- pulmonary vein is inferior and has thin muscular walls |
|
|
Term
Nerve orientation compared to the hilum |
|
Definition
- phrenic nerve runs anterior to the hilum
- vagus nerve runs posterior to the hilum |
|
|
Term
Blood supply in the lungs |
|
Definition
- bronchial arteries (which branch from the aorta)
- takes oxygenated blood to the lung
- NOT pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lung
- blood goes to alveoli of the lung for gas exchange |
|
|
Term
Visceral sensory nerves in the lungs |
|
Definition
- Afferent
- pain
- detension (definition: enlargment or dilation) |
|
|
Term
Visceral motor nerves in the lungs |
|
Definition
- Efferent
- divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic nerves in the lungs |
|
Definition
- from T1 or above and through the sympathetic chain
- bronchodilation
- vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
Paraysympathetic nerves in the lungs |
|
Definition
- vagus nerve
- bronchoconstriction
- vasodilation |
|
|
Term
Basic principles of breathing |
|
Definition
- changing of the volum of the thoracis cavity
- diaphragmatic breathing (verticle size change)
- sternocostal breathing (horizontal size change) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- flattening of the diaphragm
- there is passive and active inspiration |
|
|
Term
Muscle(s) used in passive inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle(s) used in active inspiration? |
|
Definition
- intercostals
trapezius
- pectoralis major and minor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- increase side to side demention of thoracic cavity
- bucket handle movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- increase anterior to posterior dismesion of thoracic cavity
- pump handle movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- relax all muscles
- there is active and passive expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abdominal wall muscles push the diaphragm up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abdominal wall muscles and costal muscles depress the ribs |
|
|
Term
What are the four sub areas of the mediastinum? |
|
Definition
- superior
- middle
- anterior
- posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- thymus (most superior)
- brachiocephalic veins
- superior vena cava
- aorta & its branches
- trachea
- esophagus
- thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) R common carotid
B) R brachiocephalic trunk
C) L common carotid
D) R subclavian artery
E) L subclavian artery
F) ascending aorta
G) descending aorta
H) R coronary artery
I) L coronary artery
J) intercostal arteries |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) R internal jugular vein
B) R brachiocephalic vein
C) L brachiocephalic vein
D) L internal jugular vein
E) R subclavian vein
F) L subclavian vein
G) intercostal veins
H) azygous vein
I) superior vena cava
J) inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
What is the innervation of the superior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the anterior mediastinum contain? |
|
Definition
- just fat (it is directly anterior to the heart) |
|
|
Term
What organs are in the posterior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
- trachea
- esophagus
- thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
What vessels are in the posterior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
- azygous vein
- vena cava
- descending aorta |
|
|
Term
Other structures in the posterior mediastinum |
|
Definition
- thoracic duct
- phrenic nerve
- vagus nerve
- sympathetic chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lymphatic drainage from the body
- drain sinto the left brachiohcephalic vein
- lays between the aorta, azygous vein, and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- from the C3-C5 branches
- anterior to the hilum
- supplies the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- from cranial nerve X
- runs posterior to hilum
- forms plexus around esophagus
- passes with esophagus through the diaphragm to innervate abdominal organs
- send one branch back to the head (recurrent laryngeal nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sympathetic inervation to body wall, heart, lungs, and abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
What does the middle mediastinum contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sac that surrounds the heart
- membrane similar to the pleura
- heart grows inferiorly and drags the pleura
- there is pericardial activity between the visceral and parietal pleura of the heart
- if fluid builds up in the space, it has no where to go (cardiac tamponade) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- receives oxygenated blood from the IVC (lower body), SVC (upper body), and coronary sinus (heart)
- pectinate muscles (marginal wall)
- fossa ovalis (septal wall)
- crista terminalis (crest, has SA node) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- separates atriua from ventricles
- R atrioventricular valve = tricuspid
- L atroventricular valve = bicuspid (mitral)
- muscles don't open the valve, atrial contraction does
- valves prevent lood reflux |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- papillary muscles
- trabeculae carnae
- septomarginal tracecular band (connects septum to anterior papillary muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- separate ventricles from vessels
- pulmonary (beteen R vent and pulmonary arteries)
- aortic (between L vent and aorta)
opens because of ventricular pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SVC/IVC --> R atrium --> tricuspid valve --> R ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> L atrium --> bicuspid valve --> L ventricle --> aorta --> body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- R and L coronary arteries
- origin of branching is obscured by auricles of atra
- wrap around the heart in the coronary groove/sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- supply right side of heart, SA and AV nodes, and right purkinje fibers
- right marginal artery
- posterior interventricular artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- supply the left side of the heart, both bundle branches, and left purkinje fibers
- anterior interventricular artery (LAD)
- circumflex coronary artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- paired with coronary artery branches
- veins drain in the coronary sinus (it run posterior coronary groove of the right atrium)
- great cardiac vein painred with anterior interventricular and circumflex coronary artery
- middle cardiac vein paired with posterior interventricular artery
- small cardiac vein paired with right marginal artery |
|
|
Term
Nerve supply to the heart |
|
Definition
has intrinsic and extrinsic control of the conduction system |
|
|
Term
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic control |
|
Definition
I: SA node, AV node, bundle branches/purkinje fibers
E: sympathetic neurons, parasympathetic neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- intrinsic
- sinoatrial node
- top of crista terminalis, near SVC opening
- firing rate of 60-100 bpm
- activated by the contraction of the atrium
- impulse travels through muscle, not nerves
- impulses reach AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- intrinsic
- atrioventricular node
- located between the atria
- firing rate of 40-60 bpm |
|
|
Term
Bundle branches/purkinje fibers |
|
Definition
- intrinsic
- impulses trave from AV node to ventricules
- firing rate of 15-40 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extrinsic
- T1-T4 spinal nerves
- uses sympathetic chain
- increase heart rate
- increase contractility
- inhibit constriction of coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extrinsic
- vagus nerve
- decreased heart rate
- decreased contractility
- constict coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) upper right quadrant
B) upper left quadrant
C) lower right wuadrant
D) lower left quadrant |
|
|
Term
What organs are in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
- liver
- gallbladder
- R kidney
- large intestine |
|
|
Term
What organs are in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
- diaphragm
- spleen
- kidney
- duodenum
- pancreas
- large intestine |
|
|
Term
What organs are in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What organs are in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
- rectum
- bladder
- anus |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) R hypochondriac
B) epigastric
C) L hypochondriac
D) R lumbar
E) umbilical
F) L lumbar
G) R inguinal
H) hypogastric
I) L inguinal |
|
|
Term
What are the verticle planes of the 9 regions of the abdomen called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two horizontal planes of the 9 regions of the abdomen called? |
|
Definition
- subcostal plane (superior)
- intertubicular plane (inferior) |
|
|
Term
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
A) skin
B) investing fascia
C) extraperitoneal fat
D)Camper fascia
E) muscle
F) Scarpa's fascia
G) transversalis |
|
|
Term
External Oblique
(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.) |
|
Definition
O: ribs
I: iliac crest & linea alba
O: hands in pockets (posterior to anterior while inferior) |
|
|
Term
Internal Oblique
(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.) |
|
Definition
O: iliac crest
I: ribs and linea alba
O mixed fiber orientation (opposite of the externals) |
|
|
Term
Transversus Abdominus
(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.) |
|
Definition
O: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, & ribs
I: linea alba
O: horizontal |
|
|
Term
Rectus Abdominus
(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.) |
|
Definition
O: xiphoid process & costal cartilage
I: pubic symphysis and crest
O: verticle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aponeurosis of muscle layers |
|
|
Term
What divides the superior and inferior abdominal region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is this superior or inferior?
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
- superior
A) external oblique
B) internal oblique
C) transversus abdominus
D) rectus abdominus |
|
|
Term
Is this superior or inferior?
Label the following...
[image] |
|
Definition
- inferior
A) external oblique
B) internal oblique
C) transversus abdominus
D) rectus abdominus |
|
|
Term
What are the functions of the abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
- trunk rotation
- flexion of the spine
- abdominal compression |
|
|
Term
Blood supply to the abdomen |
|
Definition
- intercostal arteries
- branches of internal thoracic artery
- superior epigastric
- inferior epigastric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- intercostal nerves
- subcostal nerves
- L1 nerves
- nerves between internal obliques and transversus abdominus
- each nerve --> lateral branch --> anterior branch |
|
|
Term
Organization of the viscera |
|
Definition
- organs are NOT floating
- held by peritoneal folds (omentum) or to wall of abdomen
- lesser omentum (between stomach and liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lesser curvature
- greater curvature
- pylorus
- fundus
- cardia
- body
- produces acid
- chemical breakdown
- very little absorbtion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- site of entry of digestive enzymes through bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 4 lobes (R, L, quadrate, caudate)
- storage of glucose
- blood filtration
- production of coagulating factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- touches many organs
- hard access
- insulin synthesis
- digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- production of lymphocytes
- storage of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stomach
- duodenum
- liver
- pancreas
- spleen
|
|
|
Term
What is the midgut composed of? |
|
Definition
- jejunum
- ileum
- appendix
- cecum
- ascending and transverse colon |
|
|
Term
What is the hindgut composed of? |
|
Definition
- descending and sigmoid colon
- rectum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- abdominal aorta
- inferior vena cava
- kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hepatic portal system
- from the GI tract does not go directly into the IVC
- GI-blood passes through the liver for detoxification
- after the live, blood goes to IVC |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic nerve supply to the viscera |
|
Definition
- nerves come from the sympathetic chain
- follow the arteries to the organs
- visceral motor
- pain from organs follows this pathway |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic nerve supply to the viscera |
|
Definition
- vagus nerve does it all
- follow the arteries to the organs
- distension from organs follows this pathway |
|
|
Term
What do dorsal roots contain? |
|
Definition
sensory neurons entering the cord |
|
|
Term
What do ventral roots contain? |
|
Definition
motor neurons exiting the cord |
|
|
Term
What do dorsal root ganglion contain? |
|
Definition
contain the cell body of the sensory neurons (pseudounipolar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- contains motor and sensory neurons
- supplies skin of the back anddeep back muscles
- is of small diameter compared to ventral ramus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- contains motor and sensory neurons
- supplies skin of the front of the trunk, all of the limbs, and trunk muscles except the deep back
- is of large diameter compared to dorsal ramus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ventral column, dorsal column, lateral column
- used as ascending and descending tracts to and from the brain |
|
|
Term
Ventral horn of gray matter |
|
Definition
site of cell bodies for peripheral motor neurons |
|
|
Term
Dorsal horn of gray matter |
|
Definition
destination for peripheral sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
Label the following.... (alphabet only)
[image] |
|
Definition
A) lateral column
B) dorsal column
C) ventral column
D) dorsal horn
E) ventral horn
GREEN = WM
PINK = GM |
|
|
Term
What are the three meninges? |
|
Definition
dura: outermost
arachnoid: middle
pia: innermost |
|
|
Term
What are the three spaces associated with the meninges? |
|
Definition
- epidural space (outside of dura)
- subdural space (between dura and arachnoi)
- subarachnoid (between arachnoid and pia) |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if a neuron is somatic sensory? |
|
Definition
- has one neuron
- cell body is outside of the CNA (spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if a neuron is autonomic/visceral sensory? |
|
Definition
- has two neurons
- cell body is outside of the CNA (spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if a neuron is somatic motor? |
|
Definition
- has one neuron
- cell body is inside of the CNA (spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if a neuron is autonomic/visceral motor? |
|
Definition
- has two neurons
- cell body is inside of the CNA (spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor to the viscera
- sympathetic or parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic visceral efferent |
|
Definition
- thoracolumbar
- fight or flight
- expends energy |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic visceral efferent |
|
Definition
- around the sympathetic nervous sytem
- craniosacral
- rest and digest
- conserves energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- efferent neurons that govern fight or flight
- effector tissues
- vascular smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- sweat glands
- adrenal gland
- pupil dilators
|
|
|
Term
____________ neuron is always more heavily myelinated ("white") than the ____________ neuron. |
|
Definition
- pre-ganglionic
- post-ganglionic |
|
|
Term
Where do sympathetic neurons leave the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
- between T1 and L2 ONLY
- hence thoracolumbar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- switch board distributing neuronal information throughout the body
- structure that runs along either side of the spinal cord
- allows for synapse between most 1st and 2nd neurons
- allows for ascending or descending neurons about T1 or below L2
- consequently, the 2nd neuron has a long path to the effector tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- efferent neurons that govern rest of digest response
- effecctor tissues:
- digestive organs
- bladder
- rectum
- erectile tissues
- pupil constrictors
- salivary galnds
- mucosal glands
|
|
|
Term
Where do parasympathetic neurons leave the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the colors?
[image] |
|
Definition
Red: neuron 1 (goes through white ramus)
Blue: synapse
Green: neuron 2 (goes through gray ramus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- heat
- pain
- pressure
- touch
- vibration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- smell
- sight
- taste
- hearing
- balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skeletal muscles of the head and neck |
|
|
Term
Glands and involuntary muscles |
|
Definition
- glands of head and neck
- involuntary smooth muscles from visera and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- may contin multiple modalities
- can be used to differentiate a defect or lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Modalities of the olfactory nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- can you smell this? what does it smell like?
- ask patient to differentiate between different odors with eyes closed
- test each side independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loss of olfactory function |
|
Definition
- can result from blow to the head
- shearing of olfactory nerve fibers passing through the bone
- often leads to anxiety and depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- eye or color chart
- visual fields (central and peripheral vision) which is the blinking lights test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loss of vision
- complete or partial fields
- can be consequence of demylelinating dieases (like MS) |
|
|
Term
Modailities of the oculomotor |
|
Definition
- motor: muscles that move the eye
- parasympathetic: pupillary constrictor (adjust light entering the eye) & ciliary muscle of lens (adjust thickness of lens for near vision) |
|
|
Term
Testing the oculomotor nerve |
|
Definition
- for motor, the H test
- for parasympathetic: pupillary constrictor (size and responsiveness of pupil to light) & ciliary muscle (assess ability to adjust near and far vision quickly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lateral strabismus (eye turns out, can be uni or bi lateral)
- ptosis (droopy upper eyelid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motor: to one muscle that moves the eye (superior oblique) |
|
|
Term
Testing of trochlear nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loss of trochlear function |
|
Definition
- double vision: diplopia
- extortion: superior pole of the affected eye moves laterally
- difficulty with vision when going down stairs |
|
|
Term
What are the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Modalities of the trigeminal |
|
Definition
- general sensory: facial skin sensory
- motor: to muscles of mastication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- general sensory: close eyes, touch face lightly & touch cornea and hope they blink
- motor: lateral jaw movement against resistance & jaw jerk (hitting tendon to cause protrusion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excruciating pain restricted to the areas supplied by V2 and V3 |
|
|
Term
Modalities of the abducens |
|
Definition
- motor: to one muscle which move the eye (lateral rectus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medial strabismus = eye turns medially |
|
|
Term
Modalities of the facial nerve |
|
Definition
special sensory: taste
- parasympathetic: glands in faace
motor: muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- special: what does it taste like?, differentiate different tastes
- para: dry mouth, lacrimal/tear response to eye brush
- motor: make faces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loss of taste
- motor paralysis of facial muscles (Bell palsy) |
|
|
Term
Modalities of vestibulocochlear |
|
Definition
special: hearing and balance |
|
|
Term
Testing of vestibularcochlear |
|
Definition
- hearing: can you hear this?
-balance: walk straight forward, watch for balance |
|
|
Term
Loss of vestibulocochlear nerve |
|
Definition
- deafness
- tinnitus (ringing or buzzing)
- vertigo (dizziness, loss of balance) |
|
|
Term
Modalities of the glossopharyngeal |
|
Definition
- special: taste
- para: to one gland of face (parotid)
- motor: one muscle of larynx (styloparyngeus)
- general sensory: posterior tongue
- visceral sensory: carotid body and sinus |
|
|
Term
Testing of glossopharyngeal |
|
Definition
- special: can you smell this?
- para: hard to test alone
- motor: can you swallow
- general sensory: gag reflex
- visceral: check blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lesions are uncommon
- this nerve goes through the skull with X and XI
- tumors in this region lead to multiple cranial nerve palsies |
|
|
Term
Modalities of the vagus nerve |
|
Definition
- special: taste on the eppiglottis
- para: thoracoabdominal viscera, larynx, pharynx
- motor: muscles of palate, larynx, pharynx
- general sensory: larynx, pharynx
- visceray: thoracoabdominal viscera (distension) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- para: check blood pressure and heart rate
- motor: say "ahhh" and watch uvula to raise in midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
- dysphonia: difficulty speaking
- aphonia: loss of voice
- tachycardia: fast heart beat
- cardiacarrythmia: irregular heart beat |
|
|
Term
Modalities of spinal accessory |
|
Definition
motor: sternocleidomastoid and traps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- SCM: turn head against resistance (contralateral)
- traps: shrug sholders against resistance (ipsilateral) |
|
|
Term
Loss of spinal accessory function |
|
Definition
- difficulty turning head
- weakness in shoulder movement |
|
|
Term
Modalities of hypoglossal nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ask patient to stick out tongue (should come out straight)
- ask patient to make a furrow in the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many bones are in the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, globular component of the skull that encases the brain (8 bones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superior part of the neurocranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
floor of the neurocranium, where the brain sits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
facial skeleton (14 bones) |
|
|
Term
Bones of the cranial vault |
|
Definition
- frontal
- parietals
- temporals
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- occipital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- frontal
- sygomatic
- maxilla
- mandible
- nasal
- vomer
- palatine bone
- lacrimal bone
- conchae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between the frontal and parietal bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between the two parietal bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between flat part of the temporal bone and the parietal bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- soft membrane attached to the brain (cannot be peeled off)
- follows the folds of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- thin membrane translucent that covers the brain and spinal cord
- does not follow the folds of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opaque thick membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
- forms large folds that separate some brain structures (falx cerebri and cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- between the arachnoid and pia mater
- space is created by spider-webby trabeculae of arachnoid mater
- veins and arteries supplying the brain run in this space
- cerebrospinak fluid fills this space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- between the dura mater and the bone of the skull
- very little space
- more space in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- weighs 1,400 g in adults
- about 2% of body weight
- brain tissue has no pain neuron (meninges are source of headaches)
- unconsciousness will happen 8-10 sec after loss of blood supply to brain
- brain is platic in size and function
- healthy brain requires proper diet, exercise, being challanged, and loved |
|
|
Term
Anatomical divisions ofthe brain |
|
Definition
- cerebrum (telencephalon)
- cerebellum (metencephalon)
- brainstem (mesencephalon and metencephalon)
- thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- concious motor control
- speech
- personality, intelligence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- auditory cortex
- memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functional divisions of the diencephalon |
|
Definition
- thalamas
- hypothalamus (endocrine/autonomic function)
- epithalamus (circadian rhythm) |
|
|
Term
Functional divisions of the brainstem |
|
Definition
- midbrain (mesencephalon)
- pons
- medulla
- contain the nuclei of the cranial nerves and relay information from the skeleton to the brain (or vice versa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- coordination of movement
- posture, muscle tone, gait
- balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- blood vessels of the brain are impermeable to water soluble molecules
- way of protectin ghte brain from circulating chemicals and bacteria
- makes drug treatment of brain disease difficult |
|
|
Term
Blood supply to the brain stem |
|
Definition
branches of the vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
Blood supply to the lateral cortex of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
- branch of the internal carotid
- middle cerebral artery ("artery of stroke") |
|
|
Term
Blood supply to the medial cortex of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
- anterior and middle medial cortex: branch of internal carotid
- posterior medial cortex: branch of vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eminence superior to a condyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indentation along the cortex of a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indentation at the edge of a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hole that does not go anywhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|